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What are the different types of employment contract and why are they important?
There are three main types of employment contract: permanent employment contracts, fixed-term contracts and casual employment contracts.
Documenting the specifics of the employment relationship in writing is not only a legal requirement but can also help you to protect your business and manage relationships with your people.
What is an employment contract?
An employment contract is all the rights, responsibilities, duties and employment conditions that together make up the employment relationship between an employer and employee. It includes a number of terms which, whether written down or not, are legally binding – the employer’s duty to pay the employee wages, for example.
Different types of contract apply, depending on the employment status of the individual. So it’s important to have correctly determined the employment status of the person you’re hiring before writing an employment contract.
What are the different types of employment contract?
Permanent employment contracts
Permanent employment contracts apply to employees who work regular hours and are paid a salary or hourly rate. The contracts are ongoing until terminated by either the employer or employee and may be for full or part time work.
Employees on these contracts are entitled to the full range of statutory employment rights.
Fixed-term contracts
Fixed-term contracts give a set end date, for example six months or one year. You may want to consider this type of contract if you’re looking to cover maternity leave, staff a big project, or take on interns.
Fixed-term employees are protected and have the same rights as permanent employees (including unfair dismissal and redundancy pay after two-years service). You can’t offer them less favourable terms because they’re fixed-term.
The fixed-term can be extended with agreement, but you can’t usually keep someone on fixed-term contracts for over four years; at this point they become permanent employees.
If the employee continues working beyond the end date of the contract, but it’s not formally renewed, there is an ‘implied agreement’ that the end date has changed, and the employer must still give a proper notice period.
You must also inform fixed-term employees of any permanent vacancies in your organisation.
Casual employment contracts
The casual employment contract is suitable for scenarios where you want someone to commit to working for you, but you’re not sure how many hours of work you’ll be able to offer them each week and cannot guarantee a regular working pattern.
In a casual employment relationship there is an over-arching contract of employment which is sometimes known as an umbrella contract, that continues even during periods when the employee is not working. This creates an employment relationship.
Employees on these contracts will accrue holiday based on the number of hours worked, and will be entitled to employment rights including statutory sick pay, where eligible, and statutory minimum notice periods.
If you use the casual employment contract, but a pattern of working hours develops over time, this pattern of work is much more likely to form the basis of the contract than any written agreement that you put in place, ie. they will be deemed to be working on a permanent employment contract as opposed to a casual one.
If you do wish the casual employee to work regular hours for a period of time, it’s worth making it clear in writing that this is only a temporary working pattern to suit business needs and does not indicate a permanent contractual right to those hours.
READ MORE: What needs to be included in a contract of employment
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When should a contract of employment be issued and when does it start?
Whether you’ve written anything down or not, your new employees will enter into an employment contract with you as soon as they start working for you. For example, just because a new employee doesn’t have a written contract yet doesn’t mean you can avoid paying them or granting them holiday.
While elements of the contract can remain unwritten, you’ll need to provide them with a ‘written statement’ documenting key terms regarding pay and hours on the day they start work (or even better before they start).
Is it illegal not to provide an employment contract?
An employment contract comes into force as soon as someone starts working for you, so essentially, a contract exists irrespective of any documentation.
What you must provide by law, to all employees and workers from Day 1, is a written statement documenting the key terms that have been agreed, such as pay and working hours.
If you don’t, the person can apply to an employment tribunal for a declaration of what the terms are and if the tribunal upholds that claim in combination with another one, for example unfair dismissal, they could get compensation of 2-4 weeks pay (subject to the statutory maximum weekly payment).
Why else do you need written employment contracts?
Although not a legal requirement to do so, it can be advantageous to set out the entire employment contract in writing for two main reasons:
It avoids misunderstandings and disputes
If the finer details of the contract are not written down, you’ll have nothing to prove your legal position in a dispute.
It manages expectations
With everything written out, it’ll help your employee to understand the breadth of their entitlements and responsibilities, helping you to manage your relationship with them.
Zero-hours worker contracts
A further type of contract to be aware of is that which applies for workers.
The distinguishing feature of these contracts is that there’s no obligation for the employer to offer a minimum number of hours of work, or for the worker to accept them. This is known as mutuality of obligation.
Workers on zero-hour contracts are still entitled to some statutory employment rights including the statutory minimum level of paid holiday and the National Minimum Wage / National Living Wage.
It’s also important to note that it’s illegal to require a worker to work exclusively for you, so you can’t include an exclusivity clause in your worker contracts.
Consultancy agreements
When it comes to working with self-employed contractors, consultants or freelancers, it’s equally important to have a written document – commonly known as a ‘consultancy agreement’ – in place to set out expectations for the working relationship.
Get HR Support
If you need help selecting the right type of employment contract for your staff, and making sure your contacts are legally complaint, our HR consultants can help.
Get in touch on info@citrushr.com or give us a call on 0333 014 3888 to find out more about how we can help your business with friendly, expert HR support.
READ MORE:
- What needs to be included in a contract of employment
- Employee, contractor, worker – do you still know the difference?
- Zero Hours Contracts: Benefits, drawbacks and how to use them correctly
- When does a contractor become an employee?
The content of this blog is for general information only. Please don’t rely on it as legal or other professional advice as that is not what we intend. You can find more detail on this in our Terms of Website Use. If you require professional advice, please get in touch.
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